Guided Botany Walk: "Willows and Weeds"

This was a new experience for me: I belong to my local canal restoration group, and our branch's chairman asked me if I would lead a Guided Botany Walk along a short section, as part of our town's Summer Festival.

Naturally I said "yes", as I am always happy to talk about plants, although I was a bit apprehensive that there wasn't much that was botanically interesting along the chosen stretch - mostly it's just an awful lot of Willow with a few other trees and a mixed hedgerow, and the banks are mostly sedge, cow parsley, nettles and burdock: what you might call "weeds" rather than "wildflowers".

Luckily, the weather was kind, so we set out on a nice Sunday morning,  with just over a dozen people turning up to join in, which was not bad, I thought.

So what does a guided walk actually entail?

Well, we met in the small car park at East Challow, and walked down beside the new housing development to where the towpath started. Before we started the walk, I did the Health and Safety talk, to the usual heckling (I get this from my Botany crew as well) then I gave a short talk about canals: how they were the motorways of their time, and how they revolutionised the transportation of goods in two ways.

In case you are interested, the first was the transportation of delicate goods: the only way to move things at that time - and we are talking the early 1800s - was by horse and cart, along roads that were more like the Ridgeway after two dozen four-wheel-drive vehicles have been hammering along it in wet weather, ie with ankle-deep ruts and massive puddles. And carts, in those days, had no suspension at all. Only the toughest of cargoes could survive.

And then there was sheer logistics: a horse can pull about one-and-a-half times its own weight in a two-wheeled cart. Most horses weigh about half to three-quarters of a ton, so one horse could just about manage one ton of cargo. But on water, that same horse can pull a 30-ton barge with ease, for the same amount of feed, the same amount of shoeing, and rather less wear and tear on the horse, as the towpath was designed specifically for them: it was smooth, well-surfaced, clear of obstructions, and almost entirely flat.

And the ride was silky smooth.... eggshell-thin pottery could be transported undamaged - at the time, it was miraculous! So nothing stood in the way of building the canals, least of all the concept of eco-restoration or landscaping, concepts which simply did not exist at that time.

There was no thought for tree-planting, for landscaping, for screening them, for making them visually pleasing: the whole idea was to dig the 'ole, puddle the clay, get the water in, and get the boats moving. Sometimes a quick fence would be strung alongside, to stop the cattle damaging the banks while trying to drink, sometimes the canal companies would plant up the hedgerows, with what we now call a "native mix" of hawthorn, blackthorn, elder, holly, and dogwood: a mixture of thorny stock-proof plants, and useful edible ones.

There are suggestions that a lot of the crab-apples which we see on towpaths were planted by boaters, so that they would have a source of food while travelling: and it is entirely possible that hazel was planted deliberately, to be coppiced to provide firewood and timber for mending baskets and so on.

Over the years, these hedgerows extended and thickened, but they were not maintained in the modern sense: the farmers kept their land clear, and the canal operators kept the towpath clear, leaving just a narrow strip of no-mans-land for opportunists such as brambles, dog rose, and the various "weeds" that you would expect to find.

Having done the introduction, we set off along the towpath, with frequent stops to point out things of interest, to discuss the plants and their uses, and to answer questions.

So what did we find?

Rather more than you would have thought - for a start, no less than twenty-two types of tree!

I'll put a full list at the bottom, and in the meantime I'll spare you the Latin names: as well as the "usual suspects" already mentioned, we had predictably large numbers of Crack Willow which is the commonest willow along our stretch: lots of Sycamore and Norway Maple (which a lot people get confused), and some oddments such as Laurel, Poplar, Aspen, Elm - only small ones, these days - the odd Oak, and even Walnut.

Items of interest included a deliberate mislead on my part - many people know that Hemlock is an Umbellifer, ie it's white and frothy like Cow Parsley, it's very poisonous, and it has purple spots up the stem.

After discussing this description, I pointed to an Umbellifer, with white frothy flowers on top, and purple spots on the stems. Screams of dismay! But no, I said calmly, this is not Hemlock. If you look closely at the stem, is it smooth, or is it hairy?

"Hairy" they said, leaning in to look, while leaning nervously away at the same time. "Bristly" said one, rather more observant than the others.

Here's my close-up photo of the stem, showing the purple spots, and showing the bristles or hairs on the stem.

This plant is actually Rough Chervil, the "rough" referring to the stem, obviously.

There are not very many purple-stemmed umbellifers, so it's quite easy to learn them: Hemlock, the poisonous one, has hairless stems with purple spots, and the stems are five-sided, not round.

Giant Hogweed has red spots on the stems, which are hairy, and as it's about ten feet tall, it's quite easy to identify.

Wild Angelica has a hairless purple-ish stem, but it's not spotty, it's more of an overall tint. 

So you just have to avoid the one that has hairless stems and purple spots on the stems. Simple!

Getting back to our list of plants, how many species do you think we found?

Including the non-Hemlock, all the weeds such as nettles, dandelions, dock, and various thistles, the grasses and sedges, the climbing Bryony, both black and white (they are not related), a ton of cow parsley, hogweed, burdock and plantains, the predictable bindweed, stinging nettles and sticky willies, and not forgetting the occasional flowering weed plant such as vinca, deadnettles, Herb Robert which we all know, meadowsweet just thinking about flowering (this was a couple of weeks ago), and various willowherbs, there were well over 40 species, including some Oilseed Rape which had found its way out of the field.

One aspect of the greenery that surprised the people on the walk was the way that it varied in such a short distance. I pointed out that where we started the walk, it appeared to be a sea of cow parsley as far as the eye could see: but twenty yards down the towpath and the cow parsley had been replaced entirely by hogweed. Another twenty yards on, and there was a mass of Wood Avens, then suddenly a whole stand of nettles: the greenery is not homogenous, but shows distinct bands, as each species strives to smother out all the others.

I always find this interesting, in gardens and in natural areas: how different species flourish or struggle, and how the mix changes from one year to another.

Even on the basically man-made structure of the canal, the growing conditions vary hugely within short distances: one area might be heavily shaded by a big tree, then there might be a boggy area, then a more sandy section and so on. This makes a difference to the plants which can grow there, and of course it changes through the seasons, as well as from year to year.

And on the way back - it was an "out and back" walk - sharp-eyed Fiona spotted a Bee Orchid!

This was possibly the most interesting plant we saw: not actually particularly rare, but I hadn't seen one there before, and we had all missed it on the way out, so well done Fiona for spotting it!

Here it is as we found it, lurking among the hogweed, the wood rush and the figwort, and there is Fiona's camera, as we compete to take a picture of it.

Bee Orchids are, as I said, not rare, but they are extraordinarily pretty, and their proper name is Ophrys apifera: as you might know, an apiary is a place where honey bees are kept, so you can see where the latin name comes from.

And in case you can't quite see where the "bee" part comes in, here's my close-up:

It's supposed to look like a bee with its head buried in the petals.

I'm not quite sure why that would entice another bee to come to the flower, as they are not normally in the habit of squashing up on top of another bee in order to get at the pollen, but presumably it works, as the flowers have developed a really rather sophisticated representation of a real creature.

Not bad for something with no eyes, is it!

Even when we had finished the walk, we managed to find something more of interest - along the path back up to the road, we spotted some Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia Japonica) growing underneath the hedge, having presumably escaped from someone's back garden. You might already know it, but this plant is a notifiable pest, as it is so very invasive, and is virtually un-killable. This is the fourth time I have found it in Wantage: twice in gardens, once growing in the ditch along the Denchworth Road where they are now building hundreds of houses on the old Stockham Park estate, and now in Challow. And yes, I have reported it to the authorities.

So that was our guided botany walk, a simple theme, for a light-hearted stroll, and hopefully the participants will, in future,  look with more interest at the greenery beside their daily walks.

Plants found along the Wilts and Berks Canal, short stretch from East Challow to the Stockham Park bridge:

Trees:

Common Name	Proper Name	Interesting Facts
Crack Willow	Salix fragilis	Commonest willow found along the canal, in our stretch at least!
Ash	Fraxinus excelsior	Make the most of them while they are still with us.
Hawthorn	Crateagus monogyna	Familiar white flowers in spring, red berries later in the year
Dogwood	Cornus sanguinea	Green-stemmed original of the popular garden shrub.
Grey Poplar	Populus x canescens	Suckers wildly - you rarely find just one of them!
Aspen	Populus tremula	Both Poplars can be heard "rustling" in the slightest breeze.
Laurel	Prunus laurocerasus	Garden escape: might have been planted deliberately.
Hazel	Coryus avellana	Very common in hedgerows, often still showing evidence of coppicing
Elm	Ulmus procera	Thanks to Dutch Elm disease, we no longer have mighty specimens of this, just young growth of under 20 years.
English Oak	Quercus robur	Also called Pedunculate Oak: acorns have long stalks.
Buckthorn	Rhamnus cathartica	Looks rather like Dogwood, but without the magic latex trick!
Crab Apple	Malus domestica	If you plant an apple pip, this is what you get - "variable" as to edibility!
Walnut	Jugland regia	Could have been buried by squirrels, or planted by locals.
Field Maple	Acer campestre	Most people think that we have mostly Sycamore... but in Wantage, it's mostly this.
Sycamore	Acer pseudoplatanus	A determined self-seeder...
Beech	Fagus sylvatica	Well-known stately trees
Cherry	Prunus avium	Probably planted by birds dropping pips, or maybe by a local
Blackthorn	Prunus spinosa	First to flower in spring, produces Sloes in autumn
Wild Plum	Prunus domestica	If you are lucky, can be edible!
Horse Chestnut	Aesculus hippocastrum	Familiar hand-shaped leaves, and spiny conkers in autumn
Holly	Ilex crenata	Surprisingly common in hedgerows: easily spread by birds.
Privet	Ligustrum vulgare	Ancestor of the cultivated garden hedging shrub

Herbaceous Plants:

Common Name	Proper Name	Interesting Facts
Cow Parsley	Anthriscus sylvestris	Commonest white frothy thing on road verges in early summer
Stinging Nettle	Urtica dioica	Easy name to remember - did it 'urt-i-ca you, then?
Burdock - lesser	Arctium minus	Despite the name, grows shoulder high.
Brambles	Rubus fructicoses	Wild blackberry, familiar opportunist of uncultivated areas
Mare's Tails	Equisetum spp	Aaargh! Scarily invasive, prehistoric-looking plant.
Hedge Bindweed	Calsystegia sepum	Everyone thinks Bindweed = Convolvulus, but it's not so... botany is fascinating!
Meadow Buttercup	Ranunculus acris	Do you like butter? (Do kids still do that?)
Creeping Buttercup	Ranunculus repens	Do you hate this pesky weed? Yes, anyone with a garden still says that
Hogweed	Heraculeum sphondylium	What a great name! SSSfon-dilly-um!
Comfrey	Symphytum officinale	If you have this at home, it makes a great tonic for other plants
Cleavers	Gallium aparine	Everyone hates "Sticky willies"
Meadowsweet	Filipendula ulmaris	Often seen en masse in damp ditches
Great Willowherb	Epilobium hirsutum	More common in damp areas than Rosebay Willowherb
Spear Thistle	Circium vulgare	Anything called "vulgare" does what it says on the tin...
Sow-Thistle	Sonchus spp	So many types of thistle enjoy it here on the towpath!
Hedge woundwort	Stachys sylvatica	Distinctive smell, was used for packing wounds, hence the name.
Dock	Rumex spp	Does it really help with nettle stings?
Meadow Vetchling	Lathyrus pratensis	Distant relative of the familiar sweet-pea
Bittersweet	Solanum dulcimara	Purple flowered climber, related to potatoes
Water Figwort	Scrophularia auriculata	Sounds just like a medieval skin disease.
Black Bryony	Tamus communis	Climbs clockwise, without the help of tendrils
White Bryony	Bryonia dioica	Climbs anti-clockwise, with the help of tendrils
Dog Rose	Rosa Canina	Familiar hedge weed, pretty flowers, lovely hips. Or are they haws? I've never known the difference.
Dandelion	Taraxacum spp	They get everywhere, don't they?
Plantain	Plantago major	I think we saw Plantago lanceolata as well
Ivy	Hedera helix	Now this stuff really does grow everywhere
Honeysuckle	Lonicera periclymenum	Again, ancester of the familiar garden climber
Cock's Foot Grass	Dactylis glomerata	Oh, you'd recognise it, if you saw it
Field Woodrush	Luzula campestris	Woodrushes have solid, round, stems. Grasses are hollow
Sedge	Carex spp	Anything with triangular stems is probably Sedge. "Sedges have Edges"
Wood avens	Geum urbanum	Very common garden weed
Garlic mustard	Alliaria petiolata	Almost sounds edible, doesn't it?
Germander Speedwell	Veronica chamaedrys	One of many speedwells
Herb Robert	Geranium robertianum	Who was this Robert, I wonder?
Common Butterbur	Petasites hybridus	My, granny, what enormous leaves you have! They are poisonous, too
Hedge mustard	Sysymbrium officinale	Another common weed
Rough Chervil	Chaerophylum temulum	NOT the poisonous Hemlock!
Ground ivy	Glechoma hederacea	Actually rather a pretty little flower
Vinca	Vinca major	Creeping, pesky, flowering weed
Spotted Deadnettle	Lamium maculatum	Looks like nettle, but does not sting
Nipplewort	Lapsana communis	The Doctrine of Signatures has a lot to answer for...
Oilseed Rape	Brassica napus	Crop escape; perhaps it wanted a rest from harvesting
Bee Orchid	Ophrys apifera	Fiona's Triumph!
Japanese Knotweed	Fallopia japonica	Dreadfully invasive garden escape

 

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Alchemilla mollis - time to cut it back!

Autumn Slaughter is my term for cutting back the herbaceous foliage once it has gone over - usually done in autumn, as the name suggests, and to the uninitiated, it can look very brutal, hence the use of the word "slaughter". But it's worth it, as it removes all the faded, dying foliage which would otherwise attract snails and slugs, and it removes the old seedheads, preventing unnecessary weeding for the next seven years.

Seven years? Well, there is that old saying, "one year's seed, seven years' weed" which means that if you let something go to seed, it will take seven years for those seeds to stop germinating and appearing in your soil. As far as I know, no-one has ever undertaken a scientific trial to see if it really is seven years, as opposed to five, or ten: but seven sounds about right.

Last week I started cutting back herbaceous borders, even though it's nowhere near autumn yet: now is an especially good time to catch the Alchemilla mollis. The airy yellow flowers are just starting to go brown, which makes them look much less attractive, and this means that they are about to set seed.

In case you are not sure which plant this is, it's this one:

Recognise it?  It's a very popular cottage garden plant, with frothy yellow flowers, and leaves that have the property of being completely waterproof, so drops of water sit on them like bubbles of glass, which always fascinates me, on rainy days.

However, they also have the habit of setting millions of seeds, which germinate everywhere, in every crack or crevice of walls, patios, and paths, not to mention in the beds.

Nobody ever has just one of these plants... so in my gardens (and when I say "my", I mean "gardens in which I work") I cut them back as soon as they start to go brown.

This also has the advantage that if you cut them back really, really hard now, right back to the bone, cut off everything as close as you can to the base - if you do it now, then in a week or two you will have new growth, and in another week or two you will have a neat dome of fresh green leaves, which will look tidy right through until winter. You might even get another flush of flowers!

Here's a wide border that was looking a bit wild and overgrown - "before" on the left, and "after" on the right:

Yes, I know it looks a bit cruel and heartless, but I'm a professional! It's what I do!

Trust me, in a week or two it will all have "fluffed up" again, and in the meantime it gives a bit of air and space to some of the other flowering perennials.

So get out there and have a look at your borders: if they are starting to look a bit brown and faded, then now is the time to do a little early "slaughtering"! 

 

 

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